| ESC | TT | VC | ESTD | PL | City | State | Country | Status | PC | EC | D | DA | DC | DR | ADP | EPRI | PP1 | PP2 | PP3 | C | S |
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| Electrochemical | Zinc-Manganese-Dioxide | Urban Electric Power | | | Pearl River | New York | United States | OP | 63 kW | 1,000 kWh | 1 hr | | 2022 | | Supports demand response, a solar microgrid, and high-rate uninterruptible power supply (UPS) backup power. | N/A | City College New York (CCNY) | | | Tested as long duration (10 hour) and short duration (1 hour) backup power source. | |
| Electrochemical | Sodium Ion | Peak Energy | | | Denver | Colorado | United States | P | 1,500 kW | 6,000 kWh | | 2024 | mid-2025 | | Enable renewable energy integration and reduce reliance on fossil fuels, demonstrate cost-effective sodium-ion battery performance at scale. | N/A | Six Independent Power Producers (IPPs) and electric utility companies. | | | Focused on a particular sodium ion chemistry: sodium iron phosphate pyrophosphate (NFPP) | |
| Electrochemical | Second-Life Lithium Ion | Nuvation Energy | | | Olso | | Norway | OP | 1,000 kW | 700 kWh | | | 2021 | | Utility grid transmission and distribution upgrade deferral; the custom-built Nuvation BESS utilizes second-life Nissan Leaf battery packs and Nuvation BMS/EMS. | N/A | ECO STOR | | | | |
| Electrochemical | Sodium Ion | Inlyte Energy | | | San Leandro | California | United States | P | 80 kW | 1,500 kWh | | 2025 | late-2025 | | Validate long duration energy storage performance for larger future applications, provide grid services. | Document project results and share lessons learned with utilities across the country. | Southern Company | | | | |
| Thermal | Concrete | EnergyNest | | | Oslo | | Norway | OP | 400 kW | | >4 | 2020-12-07 | 2021 (for the Eni CSP plant in Italy) | | Integration into thermal power plants, industrial processes, standalone TES system, offset fossil fuels, reduce GHG emissions | EPRI validates and assesses EnergyNest’s TES system, guiding integration, performance, optimization, and efficiency improvements. | HeidelbergCement | Eni (Gela, Sicily, Italy CSP plant) | Yara (Porsgrunn, Norway fertilizer plant) | Modular TES system using HEATCRETE® and steel casings, scalable to several GWht, validated in pilot and commercial projects | |
| Mechanical | Carbon Dioxide | EarthEn Energy | | | Phoenix | Arizona | United States | A | | | 4-100+ | 2020 | 2024 | | Long-duration energy storage, grid resilience, industrial applications, and electric vehicle fleet charging. | Provides research support or evaluation as the technology progresses through its development stages. | Black & Veatch (Engineering Study) | Oak Ridge National Laboratory (Innovation Crossroad Program, Heat Exchanger Development) | United States Department of Energy (Funding and Support) | | |
| Electrochemical | Lithium Ion | Cadenza Innovation, Inc. | | | Danbury | Connecticut | United States | OP | 50 kW | 250 kWh | 2-10 hr | | 2022 | | Peak shaving, backup power, grid energy storage, electric vehicles (future market) | N/A | New York Power Authority (NYPA) (System Integration) | Morgan Advanced Materials(Materials Development) | National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) (R&D Collaboration) | The superCell technology focuses on safety, cost reduction, and scalability. It has undergone various testing and has started deployment in peak shaving and grid storage applications. | |
| Mechanical | Compressed Air | Augwind AirBattery | | | Tel Aviv | | Israel | A | | | 4-12 hr | 2019 | 2023 | | Energy shifting, long-duration energy storage, multi-cycling per day, spinning reserve, and potential support for black start and fast frequency response with added capacitors. | | Siemens (PLC-SCADA System Supplier) | | | | |
| Mechanical | Flywheel | Amber Kinetics | | | Union City | California | United States | A | 0.128 kW | 0.5 kWh | 4 | 2016 | 2018 | | Grid stabilization, renewable energy storage, frequency regulation, and energy shifting. | | Hawaiian Electric (System Operator) | Massachusetts Municipal Wholesale Electric Company (MMWEC) (System Operator) | Yungao Renewables (System Operator) | Unlike many other flywheel systems that focus on short-duration, high-power applications, Amber Kinetics' flywheel is designed for longer-duration energy storage, competing with lithium-ion batteries
The company has also scaled up its manufacturing capabilities with a facility in the Philippines, aiming to produce 1,800 to 2,000 flywheels annually. | |
| Thermal | Ceramic | Alumina Energy | | | Los Angeles | California | United States | P | | | 6-24 hr | | 2020 (Pilot) | | Distributed and utility energy generation | | | | | Alumina Energy is developing mid-duration energy storage systems using particle storage materials. | |
| Thermal | Liquid Salt | Airthium | | | Paris | | France | P | | | 10-40 | | 2022 (1-kW prototype), 2024 (100-kW demonstration plant) | | Daily and seasonal energy storage using molten nitrate salts and ammonia | | Air Liquide (Research Center) | | | | |
| Mechanical | Gravitational | Advanced Rail | | | Pahrump | Nevada | United States | A | 50,000 kW | | 0.25-10 | 2016 | 2021 | | Grid services, including load leveling, renewable integration, frequency regulation, and ancillary services such as ramping and voltage support. | provide research, development, and analysis to assess and validate the performance, feasibility, and potential benefits of the Advanced Rail Energy Storage technology for grid applications. | U.S. Bureau of Land Management (Environmental Approval) | | | | |
| Electrochemical | Sodium Ion | Adena Power | | Sodium solid-state battery systems | Lewis Center | Ohio | United States | P | | 1,070 kWh | 6-18 hr | 2022 | 2025 | | Validation testing at various scales, commercialization of sodium solid-state technology | Current participation, involved in Incubatenergy Lab Program | Nuvation Energy | Duke Energy | Ohio State University | The technology is in early stages with a focus on safety, cost, and scaling up manufacturing. | |
| Thermal | Phase Change Materials | 1414 Degrees | | | Tonsely | South Australia | Australia | OP | | 2,000 kWh | 4+ hr | 2019 | | | Energy value shifting, High-temperature output for industrial processes, Flexible energy output, Long-duration energy storage, Hybrid integration into fossil fuel power plants, High-temperature industrial processes, Decarbonization of heat | N/A | Verification testing for GAS-TESS projects, South Australian Power Networks | | | | |